The way I would answer that would be in two ways. I would say, yes, he does and, no, he doesn't, and, of course, the yes is obvious. I mean, the eyes of the Lord are on every place. He sees the evil and the good. He knows all things. God is the creator of the universe. Every idle word that men speak will need to be accounted for on the day of judgment. God knows everything that comes out of everybody's lips, so, yes, he hears, but if by hearing you mean does God answer the prayers of the unsaved, this is where I would go into the category of the no rather than the yes for these scriptural reasons.
I think Isaiah 59:2 addresses this, where God says, "Your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you that he will not hear." Notice that he will not hear. He'll hide his face from you, Isaiah 59:2, so he's talking to a sinful people who have sinful motives that can't be praying in accord with the will of God.
Even the Jews say in John 9 that God hears not sinners, so there was an understanding in Jewish theology that God is not communing with the unconverted, even though the unconverted may think that they can address God any way they choose, and that God is just waiting like a waiter to serve them. The reason God won't be answering prayers of that sort is found in James4:3; “You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly, to spend it on your passions.”
Any request from the unconverted, aside from one seeking forgiveness, would be from a wrong motive. That isn’t right in the sight of God. They wouldn’t be praying that His will be done, because they are not inclined to DO His will. For the most part, the unconverted are praying not that HIS will be done, but “MY” will be done, and Jesus says in the Sermon of the Mount in Matthew 6, "They think that because of their repetitive prayers." They're praying often, "that they're heard," but simply because they pray so frequently or they pray repetitively, doesn’t mean God is obliged to answer. It's a rhetorical question. Jesus says, "No, God doesn't hear the prayers of those."
There's many examples where God does not hear the prayers of the unconverted. Another good one would be on 1 Peter 3:12, where it says the eyes of the Lord are in every place and the ears are open unto all of them that are righteous. The ears of the Lord are open, but the face of the Lord is against them that do evil, so, again, there's a direct scripture that says God's eyes or ears are open to those that are righteous. James 5:16 says, "The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much."
The way I see it, the unsaved want the benefits of being a Christian without paying for it. Christ paid the price owed, but the unsaved balk at making any lasting commitment to the Lord in exchange for having their prayers answered, and even then, as believers find out, He doesn’t always answer.
Jesus says when you pray, the model prayer begins with what? Our Father who art in heaven. Can just any person call God their father who is in heaven? No, they can't call God honestly, sincerely, and genuinely their father unless they have received the spirit of adoption which enables them to call God their father. The new birth generates new life and a new family unity that they never previously possessed, so you must be born again. You have to have new birth. You have to be in the family of God to expect the father of the family to be hearing your prayers, and that's not to say that even the prayers of Christians are always heard in the sense that they're going to be answered according to their desires, because God can supersede what we think and answer it the way he wants to and to answer it or not answer it according to his own purposes, and hopefully, if we're biblically informed enough, we're willing to say, "Not my will, but yours be done."
Scriptures on the Prayers of Sinners
“We know that God does not listen to sinners, but if anyone is a worshiper of God and does his will, God listens to him.” ~ John 9:31
“If I had cherished iniquity in my heart, the Lord would not have listened.” ~ Psalm 66:18
“For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and his ears are open to their prayer. But the face of the Lord is against those who do evil.” ~ 1 Peter 3:12
“But your iniquities have made a separation between you and your God, and your sins have hidden his face from you so that he does not hear.” ~ Isaiah 59:2
Until next time, walk with the King & be a blessing.
In His Name & for His Glory,
RL Keller
Bread of Life Ministries
Resource: www.christianity.com